March 2025

In structural engineering, the terms rigid diaphragm and flexible diaphragm refer to the behavior of horizontal structural elements (like floors or roofs) in distributing lateral forces—such as those from wind, earthquakes, or other dynamic loads—to the vertical elements of a building (e.g., walls, columns, or braces). The classification of a diaphragm as rigid or flexible…

In construction project management, understanding costs is essential for effective budgeting and scheduling. Costs are typically categorized into direct costs, indirect costs, and total cost. Additionally, optimizing the total cost involves balancing concepts like normal cost and crash cost, which relate to project duration and resource allocation. Below, I’ll explain each term and outline how…